Trackography

You never read alone

Claudio Agosti,
GlobaLeaks, Hermes Center
Tactical Tech
Maria Xynou,
Tactical Tech

A Tactical Tech project


31st Chaos Communication Congress (31c3), 29th December 2014



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Online tracking

“When governments collect data we call it surveillance, but when companies do the same, we mistakenly call it user services
Marek Tuszynski.

Why did we develop Trackography?

  • We are interested in the online tracking business because it is pretty opaque
  • We have seen through the Snowden revelations that intelligence agencies have tapped into the data collected by tracking companies
  • We do not control the profiles created about us by online tracking companies - which can lead to abuse
  • This is a project for advocacy and transparency

Why are we focusing on media websites?

  • One of the most common things we do is read the news online
  • The business model of the media is largely dependent on advertising
  • The type of news we read show more about us in the long-term than what we think
  • A Facebook experiment shows that what we read influences our behaviour

What do we mean by 'media'?

We mean websites which cover the news, are of public interest and which are regularly updated

Every country has its own media websites which are visited by individuals from that specific country

We compiled lists of media websites for each country we examined and distinguished between global (e.g. theguardian.co.uk), national (covers the entire nation), regional (covers a region) media websites and blogs

The creation of such media lists requires local knowledge - which is why we need you to collaborate with us!

Developing a Script to Track the Trackers

Our script is designed to:

  • Perform an HTTP connection (using phantomjs) to every media website under analysis
  • Collect all the third party URLs which are included in the media websites under analysis
  • Perform a traceroute for every URL included in the media websites under analysis
  • Identify the countries which host the network infrastructure and perform a GeoIP conversion of all the included IP addresses in the network path

But the script does NOT work in conjunction with your browser - it just performs a connection to the media and sends us the results

Data collected so far

curl https://trackography.org/countries
["CAN", "SAU", "CHE", "AUS", "GBR", "IDN", "NGA", "GRC", "IND", "PHL", "IRL", "UKR", "BRA", "ISR", "ITA", "SYR", "GTM", "DEU", "MEX", "PSE", "KEN", "HRV", "ZAF", "ESP", "PAK", "KHM", "THA", "RUS", "URY", "SWE"]
            
30 countries

Number of countries we have media lists for: 40

github.com/vecna/trackmap/verified_media$ ls | wc -l
40
            

Number of media websites: 3,242

github.com/vecna/trackmap/verified_media$ grep http * | wc -l
3242
            

Number of media included in every test: 54

github.com/vecna/trackmap/verified_media$ grep http ../special_media/global | wc -l
54
            

Third party trackers

Access the Trackography map

www.wikileaks.org: Example of media organisation which does NOT enable online tracking

Wikileaks from Germany

What does Trackography show when we select media websites?

  • The blue countries host the servers of the media websites you have selected
  • The purple countries host the network infrastructure required to access the media websites you have selected
  • The red countries host the servers of the companies that track you when you access the media websites you have selected

As for the arcs?

  • The blue arcs show your connection to the media websites you have selected
  • ...while the red arcs show your connection to tracking companies

User Vulnerability: Network Topology

  • When we access media websites, our connections travel through the network infrastructure of foreign states
  • When unencrypted connections pass though the network infrastructure of ISPs, they have access to the HTTP referer, cookies, and other identifiable information
  • When unencrypted connections pass though the network infrastructure of ISPs, they can redirect traffic to malicious servers

Tapping fibre-optic cables

And check Ingrid Burrington interactive map!

Do you remember FoxAcid ?

Or FinFly ISP?

They are based on the interception of HTTP connections which are redirected to other servers and subsequently injected with a browser exploit or tampered with a download on-the-fly

Geopolitics of data: Developing world

The media servers of developing countries are hosted in the datacentres of developed countries

Foreign investment in network infrastructure

Geopolitics of data I

Ukraine ♡ Russia

Check it out: Ukraine: Pradva & Vesti

Geopolitics of data II

Percentage of exposure per country

Through which media websites are we tracked the most?

Not so easy to say!

Tracking changes across time, but more importantly, it changes depending on the location of the client!

Tracker heatmap

User Vulnerability: Profiling

When we access media websites, third parties track us and create profiles about us - which may or may not be accurate

Company presence percentage

Trackers' Business Model

Third party trackers (a.k.a tracking companies) engage in (one or more of) the following:

  • Advertising
  • Profiling
  • Market Research
  • Web Analytics
  • Web Crawling

Last night...

...did you access Der Spiegel to read about U.S attacks on crypto?

Guess who else was watching...

Prying Eyes: Inside the NSA's War on Internet Security , The article compared to the Spiegel homepage

But how do the Trackers handle our data?

We collected the following fields of data from the privacy policies of some of the globally prevailing tracking companies:

  • The types of data they collect
  • Whether they provide safeguards to prevent the full identification of users' IP addresses
  • Whether users can opt-out from their tracking
  • Whether they support Do Not Track (DNT)
  • The types of tracking technologies they use
  • Whether they comply with the US – EU Safe Harbour Framework
  • Whether they are TRUSTe certified

Opt-Out ?

Largely conditional because in some cases:

  • Users can only opt-out if their browser is not configured to block third party cookies
  • Users can only opt-out by cancelling their account with a service
  • Users need to opt-out from every device that they use
  • Users can only opt-out from the browser that they are using
  • If users opt-out they will have restricted access to content, features and services
  • ...and lets not forget the various default online tracking settings browsers have...

Globally prevailing tracking companies

  • 22 out of 25 are based in the U.S.
  • 19 out of 25 state that they collect personally identifiable information
  • Only 3 out of 25 support Do Not track (DNT)
  • Only 11 out of 25 disclose how long they retain data for

Trackography API

RESTful documentation, Privacy Policy in CSV @github

How can we block and circumvent online tracking?

Types of tools Tools for Firefox Tools for Chrome
Blocks third party trackers Privacy Badger, AdBlock Plus, Ghostery and Disconnect Adblock Plus, Ghostery and Disconnect
Blocks third party scripts NoScript ScriptNo
Blocks cross-site tracking RequestPolicy and Priv8  
Sets opt-out cookies Beef Taco  
Clears your browsing history Click&Clean Click&Clean
Visualises third party trackers Ghostery and Disconnect Ghostery and Disconnect

Help us Track the Trackers

Is your country missing from Trackography?

Contribute by helping us create or review your country's media list and please pull request.

When the media list is ready, run the collection script

wget https://github.com/vecna/trackmap/blob/master/setup.sh && sh ./setup.sh
cd trackmap
./perform_analysis.py -c NAME_OF_YOUR_COUNTRY
                

Thanks! Questions?

pub   3200R/0x94E7EF47 2014-08-05 [expires: 2015-08-30]
      Key fingerprint = ABC2 7639 5EE3 3245 A0A1  3973 40E2 6C25 94E7 EF47
uid                    TrackMap project <trackmap@tacticaltech.org>
sub   3200R/0x504DEBDF 2014-08-05 [expires: 2015-08-30]
            

Project twitter @trackography_

Access Trackography through Tactical Tech's Me & My Shadow